Certainty and Uncertainty

A. Ask for Certainty
     Untuk menanyakan kepastian, kita dapat menggunakan ekspresi-ekspresi berikut ini:

• Are you sure?
• Are you sure about it?
• Are you certain about it?
• Are you positive about it?
• Is that definite

B. Expressing Certainty
     Untuk menyampaikan kepastian, kita dapat menggunakan ekspresi-ekspresi berikut ini:

• Yes, I am certain.
• Of, course.
• I'm positive.
• She must be excellent at mechanics.
• I'm absolutely sure.
• It's certain that she is a good mechanic.
• I'm sure about it.
• I'm quite sure that he told the truth.
• I'm absolutely sure about the news.
• I'm no doubt about it.
• I'm absolutely certain that he told the truth.
• I'm sure/certain about .....
• I've no doubt about.....

C. Expressing Uncertainty
     Untuk menyampaikan ketidakpastian atau keraguan, kita dapat menggunakan ekspresi-ekspresi berikut:

• Sorry, I'm not sure about it.
• I'm not really sure that  he told the truth.
• I'm not really sure about it.
• I'm not too sure about ....
• I don't know for sure.
• I'm not completely sure taht ...
• I'm not a hundred percent sure.
• I  don't know yet.
• Not as far as I know.
• I doubt it.
• I couldn't say ....
• There's some doubt in my mind that ....
• I'm afraid I can't be certain about ....
• I'm not convinced about ....
• There's surely some doubt about ....

D. Responding to Uncertainty
     Untuk menanggapi keraguan, kita dapat menggunakan ekspresi-ekspresi berikut ini:

• I'm a hundred percent certain ....
• You can be sure about ....
• I've no doubt about.....
• It's quite certain ....
• I don't think there can be any doubt about ....
• I'm fairly sure ....
• Everything will be fine.
• It's all going to be okay.
• Don't be worried too much. Next time will be better.

Soal-soal:
1.   Johan : Hi, Yudi, the weather is cloudy. Do you think it will rain soon?
      Yudi   : I think so, I am ... It will rain soon.
       a.   sure
       b.   not sure
       c.   certainty
       d.   doubtful

2.   Mr. James : If I don't have certificate showing ownership of property for
                         guarantee, will the bank lend me some money?
      Mr. Chang : I can't say that for sure.
      The underlined expression is used to express ....
      a.   disappointment
      b.   disagreement
      c.   uncertainty
      d.   dislike

3.   Luna  :    What do you think about Titi?  Will she come tonight?
      Maya :    I don't think she will come.
     From the dialogue above, we know that...
     a.   Maya feels sure taht Titi will come.
     b.   Maya feels uncertain taht Titi  will come.
     c.   Maya doesn't like Titi.
     d.   Maya tries to think about Titi.

4.   Andi   :  Is this your ruler, Toha?
      Toha   :  No, it isn't. That one is mine.
      Andi   :  May I borrow it?
      Toha   :  ......
      Andi   :  Thanks.
      a.   No, thanks
      b.   No, way
      c.    I am not sure
      d.   Certainly. Here you are.

5.   Susan   :  Oh, I have lost my pen. May I borrow yours, John?
      John     :  .....Here you are.
      a.    You are welcome
      b.    I am sorry.
      c.    Thank you.
      d.    Yes, certainly.

6.   Dedy      :  Are you sure that she will come to my party  tonight?
      Mizwar  :   I'm sure about that.
      The underlined sentence is used to express ......
      a.    certainty
      b.    uncertainty
      c.   disagreement
      d.   suggestion

7.   Mrs. Diah   :  Can Dewi operate the computer?
      Nelly          :   May be she can, but ...., I have never seen operate it.
      a.   I'm afraid she can
      b.  I'm surprised to know what ....
      c.  I doubt it
      d.  I'm sure about it

8.   Miss Dina    :   Do you think that the headmaster will be here at 7.30
                             tomorrow morning?
      Miss Ati      :   ....he will. He always gets here before seven.
     a.   I doubt
     b.  I'm sure
     c.  I'm afraid
     d.  I can't stay

9.  Bobby   :  I'm sure Fredy  has forgotten to come here.
     Herman :  ....he always keeps his promises. I know him well.
     a.   I doubt
     b.   I'm sure
     c.   I'm sorry
     d.   I agree with you

10. Your friend  :  Will you come to my house?
      You             :  .....
      a.   Certainly
      b.   No, I'm not
.     c.   No, I won't
      d.   Yes, I do

11.  Iwan   :  Friday is the due date for our assignment.
       Andi   :  Sorry. Could you repeat what you just said?
       Iwan   :  I said Friday is the due date for assignment.
       Andi   :  Yes, you are right, but I'm sure that I can submit it before
                     that. How about you?
       Iwan   :  I'm not so sure I will be able to make it.
       Andi   :  Yes, you can. I'm sure, you can.
       The underlined sentence is used to express ....
       a.   certainty
       b.   uncrtainty
       c.   agreement
       d.   disagreement

12.  Tina  :  Do you want to join us in the coming holiday?
       Sari  :  Where are you going?
       Tina  :  To Pangandaran.
       Sari  :  .... My family plan to visit my grandfather in the village.
      a.   I am certain
      b.   That's a good idea.
      c.   I don't doubt that.
      d.   I am not sure.

Descriptive Text

Descritive text adalah teks yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan secara rinci
tentang orang, tempat, benda atau binatang. Struktur dari teks Descriptive
text yaitu:

• identification (pengenalan terhadap sesuatu yang akan digambarkan)
• description (penjelasan secara rinci mengenai bagian-bagian, kualitas, ukuran atau kondisi fisik dari sesuatu yang dibicarakan)

Ciri-ciri bahasa yang digunakan yaitu:

• fokus pada tokoh atau benda khusus
• menggunakan Simple Present Tense (Verb s/es - is, are, am)
• menggunakan kata sifat (adjective) untuk menjelaskan orang, tempat, benda atau binatang tersebut

Contoh 1

Identification :
One of the most interesting animals in the zoo is the giraffe. This is giraffe
we see at the zoo. It is male and it is about six meters tall.
Description    :    
The giraffe has big brown eyes. They are protected by very thick lashes.
This giraffe has brown spots on the skin. This coloring helps protect the
giraffe. It also has two short horns on its head.
Like a camel, it can go for a long time without drinking water. One source
of water is the leave which it eats from trees. It is tall, so the giraffe can
reach the tender leaves at the top of a tree.
The giraffe has two methods of self protection. If something frightens an
adult giraffe, it can gallop away at about fifty kilometers per hour or stay
to fight with its strong legs.

Practice1.
Vocabulary Building                    
Find their meanings in your dictionary.
1.   most interesting animals                 : ........................................
2.   it is male                                       : ........................................
3.   big brown eyes                             : .......................................
4.   protected                                     : ........................................
5.   very thick lashes                           : ........................................
6.   brown spot on the skin                 : .........................................
7.   two short horns on its head           : ........................................
8.   like camel                                     : ........................................
9.   without drinking water                  : .........................................
10. one source of water                     : .........................................
11. reach the tender leaves                : .........................................
12 .two methods of self protection      : .........................................
13. something frighten                        : ........................................
14. gallop away                                 : ........................................
15 .fight with its strong legs                 : ........................................

Practice 2.
What animals are they?
1.  It's very big and strong. It's grey. It lives in Africa. It eats leaves. It has
     four legs.
2.  It's small. It has a long tail. It lives in nearly all countries. It likes cheese
     and cakes.
3.  It  is very long. It doesn't have any legs. It eats small animals. It is
     sometimes venomous.
4.  It can run very fast. It has a very long neck. It eats leaves. It has
     four long legs.
5.  It is the biggest of thr hunting birds. It has white feathers on its head.
     It eats fish, snatching them from rivers.
6.  It can swim in the sea and walk on the land. It cannot fly. It eats fish.
     It lives in the coldest part of the world.
7.  It looks like a horse. It lives in Africa. it eats grass. It has black and
     white stripes.
8.  It has fingers. It can climb trees. It is brown. It eats nuts and fruits.
     It lives in Africa and Asia.

How do you give information?
With using to be (is, am, are)
1.   A snake is a wild animal.
2.   The boys are very educated people.
3.   I am the only child.

With using verb
1.   A zebra has four legs.
2.   Giraffes eat leaves.

How do you ask questions?
With using to be (is, am,are)
1.   Is the animal rare?
2.   Are those animals tame?


With using verb
1.   Does the giraffe eat leaves?
2.   Do the penguins live in the South Pole?

With using Question Words
1.   What does a zebra eat?
2.   Where does the giraffe come from?


How do you answer the questions?
1.   A zebra eats grass.
2.   The giraffe comes from Africa.

Practice 3.
Complete the sentences using the correct words.
No.1 is done for you.
Tiger:
1.   The tiger is a wild animal.
2.   It  lives in the jungle.
3.   It eats meat.
4.   It has four legs.

Penguin:
1.   The .....a tame animal.
2.   It ....in the South Pole.
3.   It ... fish.
4.   It .... two legs.

Camel:
1.   The  ... tame animals.
2.   They ... in the desert.
3.   They .... leaves.
4.   The  ... four legs.

Shark:
1.   The ... a wild animal.
2.   It .... in the sea.
3.   It ... fish or meat.
4.   It ... no legs.

Practice 4.
Give complete answers to the following questions.
Examples:
a.   Does a dog have a tail?
      Yes. A dog has a tail.
b.   Does a dog have horns?
      No. A dog does not has horns.

1.   Do people have a tail?
2.   Does a cat have two legs?
3.   Do birds fly?
4.   Do hens lay eggs?
5.   Does an elephant lay eggs?
6.   Do tigers eat bananas?
7.   Does a giraffe have feathers?
8.   Does a monkey have legs?

Practice 5.
Study the dialogue. Then work in pairs to perform similar dialogues. Use the words below.
Example: elephant - big
A : Look, that's an elephant.
B : Wow ... How big it is. 

1.   cat - cute
2.   lion - fierce
3.   kangaroo - fast
4.   peacock - beutiful
5.   cow - fat
6.   rhino - strong
7.   mouse - disgusting
8.   orangutan - slow
9.   sheep - wooly
10. giraffe - tall

Practice 6.
In pairs, respond to the following questions using must to express a conclusion.
Example:
A : What is the animal that lives with people as a pet?
B : That must be a dog.

1.   What is the animal that lives in Australia?
2.   What is the animal that lives in the Komodo island?
3.   What is the animal preserved in Ujungkulon?
4.   What is the animal that has poisonous bites?
5.   What is the animal that likes playing with bones?
6.   What is the animal that eats mice?
7.   What is the animal that produces mik?
8.   What is the animal that produces wool?
9.   What is the animal that has black and white stripes all over its body?
10. What is the animal that produces beef?

Practice 7.
Fill in the blank space with : is, am or are
1.   A kangaroo ....an animal native to Australia.
2.   I ....very keen on cats. I have eleven at home.
3.   ... you very fond of dogs?
4.   Orangutans .... animals that live in jungles.
5.   She ....not very keen on animals. She doesn't like pets.
6.   The one - horn rhino ... only found in Ujungkulon.
7.   They ....protected by laws from hunting.
8.   We .... going to raise chickens for their eggs.
9.   Snakes ....poisonous animals.
10. ....a lizard a reptile?

Practice 8.
Choose the correct verb for each sentence.
1.   A cat ( has - have ) a tail.
2.   Komodos ( is - are ) giant lizard.
3.   Komodos ( live - lives ) in the Komodo island.
4.   Dogs usually ( stay - stays ) with people at home.
5.   Do you ( like - likes ) keeping animals at home?
6.   She does not ( want - wants ) animals at home.
7.   My friends ( do not like - does not like ) animals, too.
8.   She ( keep - keeps ) many rabbits for their meat.
9.   Does he ( want - wants ) to have a pet?
10. Koalas ( is - are ) not found in Indonesia.

Practice 9.
Read the following text carefully and answer the questions.

      Kangaroo are members of group of hopping marsupial mammals. They are found in Australia aand neighbouring islands.
      Kangaroo have powerful hind legs, with long narrow feet, possessing only four toes which enable the kangaroo to leap swiftly over the ground. The long muscular tail serves as a balancing organ.
      All kangaroos eat grass and other vegetation. Because it is one of the most prominent and distinctive features of the fauna in Australia, the kangaroo has been chosen as Australia's national animal.

1.   Is a kangaroo a mammal?
2.   To which group does it belong?
3.   Where are they mostly found?
4.   What enables the kangaroo to leap swiftly over the ground?
5.   What is the function of the tail?
6.   Why is the kangaroo chosen as Australia's national animal?

Procedure Text

Procedure Text adalah teks yang bertujuan untuk memberi petunjuk tentang cara mengerjakan atau membuat sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah. Struktur dari Procedure Text yaitu:

• goal/aim (tujuan teks tersebut biasanya berbentuk judul)
• materials (bahan-bahan atau alat yang dibutuhkan)
• steps (langkah-langkah/cara pelaksanaan)

Ciri-ciri bahasa yang digunakan yaitu:

• menggunakan imperative verb (kata kerja perintah)
• menggunakan kata sambung, misalnya: first, then, after that, next, finally

Contoh-contoh Procedure Text:

Contoh 1.

Goal/Aim      :   How to make a pencil box

Materials      :   a.  an empty plastic bottle of mineral water
                        b.  a sharp cutter
                        c.  a piece of white or colorful paper
                        d.  some paint
                        e.  some glue

Steps            :   First, wash the plastic bottle.
                        Make sure it's clean when you use it.
                        Second, cut the bottle into two halves.
                        Be sure you use sharp cutter.
                        Next, wrap the bottle with a piece of white or colorful paper.
                        If you use plain paper, use paint to make drawing on it.
                        Finally, your pencil box is ready to use.

Questions:
1.  What is the purpose of text text above?
2.  How many things are needed to make a pencil box?
3.  What must we do with bottle before we use it?
4.  If you use plain paper, use paint to make drawing on it."It" here refers to ...

Contoh 2.

Goal/Aim      :  How to cook chicken soup

Materials      :  1/2 kg chicken meat
                       1 1/2 teaspoon salt
                       Some carrots
                       2 tablespoon chopped parsley
                       A piece of cabbage
                       A few potatoes
                       1 teaspoon of small red onions

Steps            :  First, prepare some carrots, a piece of cabbage, a few of
                        potatoes, a piece of chicken and the spices.
                       Then, chop the chicken meat and the vegetables into small
                       pieces.
                       After that, boil a liter of water in a good order.
                       Next, when the water boils, put the pieces of chicken meat
                       and vegetables in it, and boil it for about ten minutes.
                       Finally, add the spices and salt.
                       Chicken soup is ready to eat.

Questions:
1.  What is the goal of the text?
2.  What is the purpose of the text?
3.  How many spoons of chopped parsley are needed?
4.  What is the first step to cook chicken soup?
5.  ...put the pieces of chicken meat and vegetables in it. "It" in the sentence
     refers to ...
6.  How many steps are in the text to cook chicken soup?

Vocabulary Building
1.   beat the egg                                            : .....................................
2.   boil the water                                          : ....................................
3.   grind the chilies                                       : ....................................
4.   stir the soup                                            : .....................................
5.   slice the garlic                                         : .....................................
6.   mix the eggs and sugar                            : ......................................
7.   cut up a banana into small slices              : .....................................
8.   put the cake on a plate                            : ....................................
9.   pour some honey over the bananas          : ....................................
10. put the other piece of bread on top          : ......................................
11. wash the vegetables gently                       : ....................................
12. add sugar                                                : ....................................
13. clean the garlic and slice it thinly               : ......................................
14. heat oil on a pan                                      : .......................................
15. fry the shrimps                                        : ........................................

Read the jumbled sentences below.
Rearrange the sentences in a proper order to composea TV owner's manual.
-     What if there's no picture or sound on my TV? What should I do?
-     Then,check the antenna.Perhaps  the aerial is not connected to
       terminal at the back of the TV set.
-      Next, turn off the TV, and then turn it on again after a minute.
-      But, if there is no problem with antenna, check for broken
       wires.
-      Well, what you can do is a follows :
-      Third, check if the power button of the TV is off.
-      Second, check if the power wire is plugged into the
        electricity outlet.
-      But, if it doesn't work, your last solution is to take the TV
        to the repairman.
-      If the contrast setting in the picture mode might be all the
        way to the minus side, press the normal button on the remote
       control to correct.
-      First, try a new channel to check for possible station problems.
.
Kalimat-kalimat dari teks 'Procedure' berikut ini di susun secara acak.
Baca  teks tersebut dengan cermat, kemudian kerjakan soal.


Cooking with Rice Cooker
1.   At the same time, you can cook another meal, like vegetables.
      Put them in the steam pot.
2.   Weigh the exact amount of rice which will be poured. It should not be
      more than 4 measure cups.
3.   Plug in the cable into the electricity socket and push the cooking button.
      A red light will turn on.
4.   Wash the rice. Put in the inner pot and adjust the quantity of water.
5.   After cooking, open the cover and mingle the cooked rice for a while.
6.   We can cook rice by using electric appliance in an easy way.

Soal-soal:
1.   Urutan kalimat yang benar sehingga membentuk teks 'Procedure' yang
      baik adalah....
      a.   6 - 4 - 1 - 3 -5 - 2
      b.   6 - 2 - 4 - 1 - 3 - 5
      c.   1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6
      d.   2 - 1 - 4 - 3 - 5 - 6

2.   Kalimat yang mana yang berfungsi 'Goal' atau 'Aim'
     a.   1
     b.   3
     c.   4
     d.   6

3.   Frasa yang menunjukan dua peristiwa  yang bersamaan adalah ....
     a.   after cooking
     b.   an easy way
     c.   at the same time
     d.   for a while

4.   Kalimat yang banyak digunakan dalam teks adalah ....
     a.   imperative
     b.  statement
     c.   request
     d.   compound

5.   Teks di atas menggunakan beberapa verba memerintah?
     a.   9
     b.  10
     c.   8
     d.  11